More than a century later, King Philip IV of France dealt the Knights its death blow, having many of its members tortured and killed and finally executing its last Grand Master, Jacques de Molay, in 1307.Putting this together it means your immune system is attacking your own body. But, when Muslims retook Jerusalem in the late 12th century, the order lost its place there. The Knights Templar grew into a major economic force, with a network of banks, a fleet of ships, and chapters all over Europe. The Knights Templar earned support from Christian authorities, including Pope Innocent II, who in 1139 granted them exemption from taxes and from any authority except his own. And so, around 1118, de Payens and eight fellow knights sought permission from Jerusalem’s king, Baldwin II, to form a protective service for the pilgrims. Historical details of his early life are sketchy, but the French nobleman may have fought in the First Crusade, in which European Christian armies captured Jerusalem.Īs Christians increasingly took part in pilgrimages to the holy city, they often found themselves under attack on the road. 1070 – 1136) was a key figure in this history of the Crusades. For example, his account of the Battle of Hastings-a triumph of mounted knights against an Anglo-Saxon army made up mostly of infantry-is based largely on eyewitness accounts from soldiers who fought there, providing one of the most important sources for modern historians.Īs the co-founder and first Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Hugues de Payens (c. The priest didn’t hesitate to flatter his king in his writing, describing his charge into battle with gleaming shield and lance as “a sight both delightful and terrible to see.” But, despite his biases, William of Poitiers worked hard to get his facts right. Later, he provided a well-known account of the king’s life and the conquest. When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, William of Poitiers was his chaplain. Trained as a knight in his youth, William went on to become a priest and scholar. One of the earliest and most significant victories for knights in the Middle Ages was the Norman conquest of England, and a lot of what we know about that fight comes from William of Poitiers (c.
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